网络编程

1.字节序

/*  
    字节序：字节在内存中存储的顺序。
    小端字节序：数据的高位字节存储在内存的高位地址，低位字节存储在内存的低位地址
    大端字节序：数据的低位字节存储在内存的高位地址，高位字节存储在内存的低位地址
*/

// 通过代码检测当前主机的字节序
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    union {
        short value;    // 2字节
        char bytes[sizeof(short)];  // char[2]
    } test;

    test.value = 0x0102;
    if((test.bytes[0] == 1) && (test.bytes[1] == 2)) {
        printf("大端字节序\n");
    } else if((test.bytes[0] == 2) && (test.bytes[1] == 1)) {
        printf("小端字节序\n");
    } else {
        printf("未知\n");
    }

    return 0;
}

2.字节序转换

/*

    网络通信时，需要将主机字节序转换成网络字节序（大端），
    另外一段获取到数据以后根据情况将网络字节序转换成主机字节序。

    // 转换端口
    uint16_t htons(uint16_t hostshort);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序
    uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t netshort);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序

    // 转IP
    uint32_t htonl(uint32_t hostlong);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序
    uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t netlong);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序

*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // htons 转换端口
    unsigned short a = 0x0102;
    printf("a : %x\n", a);
    unsigned short b = htons(a);
    printf("b : %x\n", b);

    printf("=======================\n");

    // htonl  转换IP
    char buf[4] = {192, 168, 1, 100};
    int num = *(int *)buf;
    printf("num:%d\n",num);
    int sum = htonl(num);
    unsigned char *p = (char *)&sum;

    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", *p, *(p+1), *(p+2), *(p+3));

    printf("=======================\n");

    // ntohl
    unsigned char buf1[4] = {1, 1, 168, 192};
    int num1 = *(int *)buf1;
    int sum1 = ntohl(num1);
    unsigned char *p1 = (unsigned char *)&sum1;
    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", *p1, *(p1+1), *(p1+2), *(p1+3));
    
     // ntohs


    return 0;
}

3.ip转换

/*
    #include <arpa/inet.h>
    // p:点分十进制的IP字符串，n:表示network，网络字节序的整数
    int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst);
        af:地址族： AF_INET  AF_INET6
        src:需要转换的点分十进制的IP字符串
        dst:转换后的结果保存在这个里面

    // 将网络字节序的整数，转换成点分十进制的IP地址字符串
    const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, socklen_t size);
        af:地址族： AF_INET  AF_INET6
        src: 要转换的ip的整数的地址
        dst: 转换成IP地址字符串保存的地方
        size：第三个参数的大小（数组的大小）
        返回值：返回转换后的数据的地址（字符串），和 dst 是一样的

*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 创建一个ip字符串,点分十进制的IP地址字符串
    char buf[] = "192.168.1.4";
    unsigned int num = 0;

    // 将点分十进制的IP字符串转换成网络字节序的整数
    inet_pton(AF_INET, buf, &num);
    unsigned char * p = (unsigned char *)&num;
    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", *p, *(p+1), *(p+2), *(p+3));


    // 将网络字节序的IP整数转换成点分十进制的IP字符串
    char ip[16] = "";
    const char * str =  inet_ntop(AF_INET, &num, ip, 16);
    printf("str : %s\n", str);
    printf("ip : %s\n", str);
    printf("%d\n", ip == str);

    return 0;
}

4.TCP通信

// TCP 通信的服务器端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建socket(用于监听的套接字)
    int lfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

    if(lfd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.绑定
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    // inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.128", saddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;  // 0.0.0.0
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    int ret = bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 8);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 4.接收客户端连接
    struct sockaddr_in clientaddr;
    int len = sizeof(clientaddr);
    int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, &len);
    
    if(cfd == -1) {
        perror("accept");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 输出客户端的信息
    char clientIP[16];
    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &clientaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, clientIP, sizeof(clientIP));
    unsigned short clientPort = ntohs(clientaddr.sin_port);
    printf("client ip is %s, port is %d\n", clientIP, clientPort);

    // 5.通信
    char recvBuf[1024] = {0};
    while(1) {
        
        // 获取客户端的数据
        int num = read(cfd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));
        if(num == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(num > 0) {
            printf("recv client data : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(num == 0) {
            // 表示客户端断开连接
            printf("clinet closed...");
            break;
        }

        char * data = "hello,i am server";
        // 给客户端发送数据
        write(cfd, data, strlen(data));
    }
   
    // 关闭文件描述符
    close(cfd);
    close(lfd);

    return 0;
}

// TCP通信的客户端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建套接字
    int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.连接服务器端
    struct sockaddr_in serveraddr;
    serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.128", &serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    serveraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));

    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("connect");
        exit(-1);
    }

    
    // 3. 通信
    char recvBuf[1024] = {0};
    while(1) {

        char * data = "hello,i am client";
        // 给客户端发送数据
        write(fd, data , strlen(data));

        sleep(1);
        
        int len = read(fd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("recv server data : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            // 表示服务器端断开连接
            printf("server closed...");
            break;
        }

    }

    // 关闭连接
    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

5.进程间TCP通信

// TCP通信的客户端
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建套接字
    int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.连接服务器端
    struct sockaddr_in serveraddr;
    serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.128", &serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    serveraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));

    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("connect");
        exit(-1);
    }
    
    // 3. 通信
    char recvBuf[1024];
    int i = 0;
    while(1) {
        
        sprintf(recvBuf, "data : %d\n", i++);
        
        // 给服务器端发送数据
        write(fd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf)+1);

        int len = read(fd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("recv server : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            // 表示服务器端断开连接
            printf("server closed...");
            break;
        }

        sleep(1);
    }

    // 关闭连接
    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <wait.h>
#include <errno.h>

void recyleChild(int arg) {
    while(1) {
        int ret = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
        if(ret == -1) {
            // 所有的子进程都回收了
            break;
        }else if(ret == 0) {
            // 还有子进程活着
            break;
        } else if(ret > 0){
            // 被回收了
            printf("子进程 %d 被回收了\n", ret);
        }
    }
}

int main() {

    struct sigaction act;
    act.sa_flags = 0;
    sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_handler = recyleChild;
    // 注册信号捕捉
    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL);
    

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(lfd == -1){
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    int ret = bind(lfd,(struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 128);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 不断循环等待客户端连接
    while(1) {

        struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
        int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
        // 接受连接
        int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, &len);
        if(cfd == -1) {
            if(errno == EINTR) {
                continue;
            }
            perror("accept");
            exit(-1);
        }

        // 每一个连接进来，创建一个子进程跟客户端通信
        pid_t pid = fork();
        if(pid == 0) {
            // 子进程
            // 获取客户端的信息
            char cliIp[16];
            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, cliIp, sizeof(cliIp));
            unsigned short cliPort = ntohs(cliaddr.sin_port);
            printf("client ip is : %s, prot is %d\n", cliIp, cliPort);

            // 接收客户端发来的数据
            char recvBuf[1024];
            while(1) {
                int len = read(cfd, &recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));

                if(len == -1) {
                    perror("read");
                    exit(-1);
                }else if(len > 0) {
                    printf("recv client : %s\n", recvBuf);
                } else if(len == 0) {
                    printf("client closed....\n");
                    break;
                }
                write(cfd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf) + 1);
            }
            close(cfd);
            exit(0);    // 退出当前子进程
        }

    }
    close(lfd);
    return 0;
}

6.线程间TCP通信

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>

struct sockInfo {
    int fd; // 通信的文件描述符
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    pthread_t tid;  // 线程号
};

struct sockInfo sockinfos[128];

void * working(void * arg) {
    // 子线程和客户端通信   cfd 客户端的信息 线程号
    // 获取客户端的信息
    struct sockInfo * pinfo = (struct sockInfo *)arg;

    char cliIp[16];
    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &pinfo->addr.sin_addr.s_addr, cliIp, sizeof(cliIp));
    unsigned short cliPort = ntohs(pinfo->addr.sin_port);
    printf("client ip is : %s, prot is %d\n", cliIp, cliPort);

    // 接收客户端发来的数据
    char recvBuf[1024];
    while(1) {
        int len = read(pinfo->fd, &recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));

        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        }else if(len > 0) {
            printf("recv client : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            printf("client closed....\n");
            break;
        }
        write(pinfo->fd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf) + 1);
    }
    close(pinfo->fd);
    return NULL;
}

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(lfd == -1){
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    int ret = bind(lfd,(struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 128);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 初始化数据
    int max = sizeof(sockinfos) / sizeof(sockinfos[0]);
    for(int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
        bzero(&sockinfos[i], sizeof(sockinfos[i]));
        sockinfos[i].fd = -1;
        sockinfos[i].tid = -1;
    }

    // 循环等待客户端连接，一旦一个客户端连接进来，就创建一个子线程进行通信
    while(1) {

        struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
        int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
        // 接受连接
        int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, &len);

        struct sockInfo * pinfo;
        for(int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
            // 从这个数组中找到一个可以用的sockInfo元素
            if(sockinfos[i].fd == -1) {
                pinfo = &sockinfos[i];
                break;
            }
            if(i == max - 1) {
                sleep(1);
                i--;
            }
        }

        pinfo->fd = cfd;
        memcpy(&pinfo->addr, &cliaddr, len);

        // 创建子线程
        pthread_create(&pinfo->tid, NULL, working, pinfo);

        pthread_detach(pinfo->tid);
    }

    close(lfd);
    return 0;
}

7.UDP通信

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    // 服务器的地址信息
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &saddr.sin_addr.s_addr);

    int num = 0;
    // 3.通信
    while(1) {

        // 发送数据
        char sendBuf[128];
        sprintf(sendBuf, "hello , i am client %d \n", num++);
        sendto(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf), 0, NULL, NULL);
        printf("server say : %s\n", sendBuf);

        sleep(1);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    // 服务器的地址信息
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &saddr.sin_addr.s_addr);

    int num = 0;
    // 3.通信
    while(1) {

        // 发送数据
        char sendBuf[128];
        sprintf(sendBuf, "hello , i am client %d \n", num++);
        sendto(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf), 0, NULL, NULL);
        printf("server say : %s\n", sendBuf);

        sleep(1);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 2.绑定
    int ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.通信
    while(1) {
        char recvbuf[128];
        char ipbuf[16];

        struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
        int len = sizeof(cliaddr);

        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, recvbuf, sizeof(recvbuf), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);

        printf("client IP : %s, Port : %d\n", 
            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, ipbuf, sizeof(ipbuf)),
            ntohs(cliaddr.sin_port));

        printf("client say : %s\n", recvbuf);

        // 发送数据
        sendto(fd, recvbuf, strlen(recvbuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, sizeof(cliaddr));

    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

8.广播通信

客户端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    struct in_addr in;

    // 2.客户端绑定本地的IP和端口
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    int ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.通信
    while(1) {
        
        char buf[128];
        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, NULL);
        printf("server say : %s\n", buf);

    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

服务端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    // 2.设置广播属性
    int op = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &op, sizeof(op));
    
    // 3.创建一个广播的地址
    struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
    cliaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    cliaddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.255", &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);

    // 3.通信
    int num = 0;
    while(1) {
       
        char sendBuf[128];
        sprintf(sendBuf, "hello, client....%d\n", num++);
        // 发送数据
        sendto(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, sizeof(cliaddr));
        printf("广播的数据：%s\n", sendBuf);
        sleep(1);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

9.多播

客户端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    struct in_addr in;
    // 2.客户端绑定本地的IP和端口
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    int ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    struct ip_mreq op;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "239.0.0.10", &op.imr_multiaddr.s_addr);
    op.imr_interface.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 加入到多播组
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &op, sizeof(op));

    // 3.通信
    while(1) {
        
        char buf[128];
        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, NULL);
        printf("server say : %s\n", buf);

    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

服务端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    // 2.设置多播的属性，设置外出接口
    struct in_addr imr_multiaddr;
    // 初始化多播地址
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "239.0.0.10", &imr_multiaddr.s_addr);
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &imr_multiaddr, sizeof(imr_multiaddr));
    
    // 3.初始化客户端的地址信息
    struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
    cliaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    cliaddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "239.0.0.10", &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);

    // 3.通信
    int num = 0;
    while(1) {
       
        char sendBuf[128];
        sprintf(sendBuf, "hello, client....%d\n", num++);
        // 发送数据
        sendto(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, sizeof(cliaddr));
        printf("组播的数据：%s\n", sendBuf);
        sleep(1);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}